Chapter 4 – Causes of Psychopathology
親の離婚や家庭の崩壊（family disruption or divorce）は、
ティーンエイジャーの妊娠（teenage pregnancy）、早婚（early marriage）、
学校での中退（dropout）、非行（delinquency）、薬物乱用（substance use）、
内在化問題行動（internalizing problems）や外在化問題行動（externalizing problems）、
不安定なパートナーシップ（unhappy relationships）、離婚（divorce）、
そして学業成績や社会的地位の低下（reduced academic success and social competence）などと関連している。
さらに、精神障害（psychiatric disorders）のリスクが
世代を超えて（transgenerationally）高まることにもつながる。
ホームビジティング・プログラム（home visiting programmes）では、
抑うつ傾向を持つ母親（depressed mothers）の子どもたちの精神障害リスクを減少させるために、
次のような成果が見られた：
- 介入1年後では、コントロール群の25％に対して、介入群では8％にまで減少
- 介入2年後では、コントロール群の31％に対して、介入群では21％に減少
これらの有望な知見（promising findings）は次の点を強調している
- 精神病理学リスクに対抗するためには、
環境条件（environmental conditions）を子どもたちの発達ニーズに適合させ、
乳児期における感情的な可用性（emotional availability）を確保する必要がある。 - 安全な愛着（secure attachment）を形成することが、
精神病理学リスクを軽減するための最も強力な保護因子（protective factors）の一つである。
Selected further reading （推奨追加文献）
Selected further reading
Abu-Akel, A. &, Bailey, A. L. 2000, ‘The possibility of different forms of theory of mind impairment in
psychiatric and developmental disorders’, Psychological Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 735-738.
Braza, F. 2004, ‘Human prenatal investment affected by maternal age and parity’, Human Ecology:
An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 32, pp. 163-175.
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. 1999, ‘Toward an evolutionary taxonomy of treatable conditions’, Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, vol. 108, pp. 453-464.
Ellis, B. H., McFadyen-Ketchum, S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S. & Bates, J. E. 1999, ‘Quality of early family
relationships and individual differences in the timing of pubertal maturation in girls: a longitudinal
test of an evolutionary model’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 77, pp. 387-401.
Fabrega, H. Jr. 2002, The Origins of Psychopathology: The Phylogenetic and Cultural Basis of Mental
Illness, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
Fabrega, H. Jr. 2006, ‘Why psychiatric conditions are special: an evolutionary and cross-cultural
perspective’, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, pp. 49, pp. 586-601.
Frith, C. D. 1992, The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove.
Gilbert, P. 2001, ‘Evolutionary approaches to psychopathology: the role of natural defences’, Australian
and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 35, pp. 17-27.
Herbert, W. 1982, ‘The evolution of child abuse’, Science News, vol. 122, pp. 24-26.
Jones, N. B. 1986, ‘Bushman birth spacing: a test for optimal interbirth intervals’, Ethology and
Sociobiology, vol. 7, pp. 91-105.
Leckman, J. F. & Herman, A. E. 2002, ‘Maternal behaviour and developmental psychopathology’,
Biological Psychiatry, vol. 51, pp. 27-43.
Marmorstein, N. R., Malone, S. M. & lacono W.G. 2004,’Psychiatric disorders among offspring of
depressed mothers: associations with paternal psychopathology’, American Journal of Psychiatry,
vol. 161, pp. 1588-1594.
Moskowitz, A. K. 2004, “”Scared stiff”: catatonia as an evolutionary-based fear response’, Psychological
Review, vol. 111, pp. 984-1002.
Murphy, H. B. M. 1982, Comparative Psychiatry. The International and Intercultural Distribution of
Mental Illness, Springer, Berlin.
Neel, J.V. 1962,’Diabetes mellitus: a “thrifty” genotype rendered detrimental by “progress”?’, American
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Nesse, R. 2001, ‘The smoke detector principle: natural selection and the regulation of defensive
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Nesse, R. M. & Williams, G. C. 1994, Why We Get Sick. The New Science of Darwinian Medicine,
Times Books, New York.
Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R. Jr., et al. 1997, ‘Long-term effects of nurse home visitation
on children’s criminal and antisocial behavior: fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial’,
Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 278, pp. 637-642.
Spinelli, M. G. 2004, ‘Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of
saved lives’, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 161, pp. 1548-1557.
Suddendorf, T. & Corballis, M. C. 2007, ‘The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it
unique to humans?’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 30, pp. 299-313.
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. 1990, ‘The past explains the present. Emotional adaptations and the structure
of ancestral environments’, Ethology and Sociobiology, vol. 11, pp. 375-424.
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Physiology & Behaviour, vol. 73, pp. 443-449.
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World Health Organization, 2004, Prevention of Mental Disorders. Effective Interventions and Policy
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